See clientelism on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"clientele",
"clientele#English"
],
[
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"-ism#English"
]
],
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{
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"1": "en",
"2": "clientele",
"3": "ism"
},
"expansion": "clientele + -ism",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From clientele + -ism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "clientelisms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "clientelism (countable and uncountable, plural clientelisms)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
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"source": "w"
},
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},
{
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits."
],
"id": "en-clientelism-en-noun-lYy1zQYo",
"links": [
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"merits",
"merits"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "clientism"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "侍從主義 /侍从主义"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "庇护主义"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "庇護主義 /庇护主义"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "klientelismus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "clientélisme"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ḳlienṭelizmi",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "კლიენტელიზმი"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klientelism"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svågerpolitik"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "vänskapskorruption"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.n̩ˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kliː.ɒnˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.ənˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.n̩ˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klɑɪ.n̩ˈtel.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kliː.n̩ˈtel.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
}
],
"word": "clientelism"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"clientela",
"clientela#Italian"
],
[
"*-id-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-id-"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-idyéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-idyéti"
],
[
"*-íd͏̌d͏̌ō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-íd͏̌d͏̌ō"
],
[
"-ῐ́ζω",
"-ίζω#Ancient_Greek:_verbal"
],
[
"*-mos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mos"
],
[
"*-mós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mós"
],
[
"-μός",
"-μός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ῐσμός",
"-ισμός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ismus",
"-ismus#Latin:_-ism"
],
[
"-ismo",
"-ismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelismo",
"clientelismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelismo",
"clientelismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelă",
"clientelă#Romanian"
],
[
"-ism",
"-ism#Romanian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:clientelismo",
"4": ":af<surf>",
"5": "clientelă",
"6": "-ism",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"clientela\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ism\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : 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\"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-μός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐσμός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ismus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ismo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"clientelismo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"customer\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cliēns\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-lós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₁-lós\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₁-léh₂\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ēlā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ēla\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"clientēla\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"clientèle\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"clientelă\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"-ism\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"By surface analysis,\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\", \"is_invisible\" : \"tree\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"clientelism\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"clientelism\">\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:clientelismo",
"4": ":af<surf>",
"5": "clientelă",
"6": "-ism",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "clientelism n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"gpd": "clientelismelor",
"gpi": "clientelisme",
"gsd": "clientelismului",
"gsi": "clientelism",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "clientelismele",
"npi": "clientelisme",
"nsd": "clientelismul",
"nsi": "clientelism",
"vp": "clientelismelor",
"vs": "clientelismule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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"source": "w"
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"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"clientelism"
],
"id": "en-clientelism-ro-noun-kf4k8fVd",
"links": [
[
"clientelism",
"clientelism#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "clientelism"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"clientele",
"clientele#English"
],
[
"-ism",
"-ism#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "clientele",
"3": "ism"
},
"expansion": "clientele + -ism",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From clientele + -ism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "clientelisms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "clientelism (countable and uncountable, plural clientelisms)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "clientism"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -ism",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Asturian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"glosses": [
"A political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits."
],
"links": [
[
"political",
"political"
],
[
"merits",
"merits"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.n̩ˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kliː.ɒnˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.ənˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klaɪ.n̩ˈtɛl.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[klɑɪ.n̩ˈtel.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[kliː.n̩ˈtel.ɪ.zm̩]",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "侍從主義 /侍从主义"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "庇护主义"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "庇護主義 /庇护主义"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "klientelismus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "clientélisme"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ḳlienṭelizmi",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "კლიენტელიზმი"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "clientelismo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "klientelism"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svågerpolitik"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "a political system based on personal relations rather than personal merits",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "vänskapskorruption"
}
],
"word": "clientelism"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"clientela",
"clientela#Italian"
],
[
"*-id-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-id-"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-idyéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-idyéti"
],
[
"*-íd͏̌d͏̌ō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-íd͏̌d͏̌ō"
],
[
"-ῐ́ζω",
"-ίζω#Ancient_Greek:_verbal"
],
[
"*-mos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mos"
],
[
"*-mós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mós"
],
[
"-μός",
"-μός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ῐσμός",
"-ισμός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ismus",
"-ismus#Latin:_-ism"
],
[
"-ismo",
"-ismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelismo",
"clientelismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelismo",
"clientelismo#Italian"
],
[
"clientelă",
"clientelă#Romanian"
],
[
"-ism",
"-ism#Romanian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:clientelismo",
"4": ":af<surf>",
"5": "clientelă",
"6": "-ism",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"clientela\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ism\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"abstract noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-μός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐσμός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ismus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-ismo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"clientelismo\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"customer\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cliēns\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-lós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₁-lós\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₁-léh₂\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ēlā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ēla\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"clientēla\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"clientèle\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"clientelă\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"-ism\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"By surface analysis,\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\", \"is_invisible\" : \"tree\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Romanian\", \"term\" : \"clientelism\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ro\" }\" data-lang=\"ro\" data-title=\"clientelism\">\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:clientelismo",
"4": ":af<surf>",
"5": "clientelă",
"6": "-ism",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nItalian clientela\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)bor.\nLatin -ismus\nItalian -ismo\nItalian clientelismobor.\nRomanian clientelism\nBorrowed from Italian clientelismo. By surface analysis, clientelă + -ism.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelism",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clientelismule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "clientelism n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "clientelismelor",
"gpi": "clientelisme",
"gsd": "clientelismului",
"gsi": "clientelism",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "clientelismele",
"npi": "clientelisme",
"nsd": "clientelismul",
"nsi": "clientelism",
"vp": "clientelismelor",
"vs": "clientelismule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Romanian entries referencing missing etymons",
"Romanian entries with etymology texts",
"Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"Romanian entries with etymon",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from Italian",
"Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Romanian terms derived from Italian",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Romanian terms suffixed with -ism",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"clientelism"
],
"links": [
[
"clientelism",
"clientelism#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "clientelism"
}
Download raw JSONL data for clientelism meaning in All languages combined (13.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.